Martinus Nijhoff Online

 International Humanitarian Law: Origins, Challenges, Prospects

Contents

• • Preliminary Material (i-xx)   (442K)
    • Jump to section:
    • Contents
    • Contributors
    • Introduction To International Humanitarian Law: Origins, Prospects, Challenges
    • Introduction To Volume 1 - Origins
    • Foreword
  • International Humanitarian Intervention And Establishment Of An International Jurisdiction Over Crimes Against Humanity: The National And International Military Trials On Crete In 1898 (1-88) by R. John Pritchard   (3M)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. The General Background To The Crisis And The Genesis Of A Recognized And Enforceable International Humanitarian Right Of Access To Justice
    • C. The Crisis Of September 1898
    • D. The Courts Of Inquiry
    • E. The British Trials Of War Criminals
    • F. The International Military Commissions And The New Formulation Of An International Criminal Jurisdiction Over Individual Transgressors Against The Laws Of Humanity
    • G. Further International Humanitarian Intervention: Peacemaking, Humanitarian Relief And Civil Reconstruction
    • H. The Linkages Between The Crete Tribunals And The Hague Conventions Of 1899
    • I. Concluding Thoughts
  • The British War Crimes Trials Of Suspected Italian War Criminals, 1945-1947 (89-104) by Jane L. Garwood-Cutler   (388K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Background
    • C. The British Record Format Of The Italian Cases
    • D. The Victims
    • E. The Defendants
    • F. The Issue Of Double Jeopardy
    • G. Courtroom Procedure
    • H. Defense Strategies
    • I. The Defense Of Superior Orders
    • J. Issues Of Command Responsibility
    • K. Mitigation Of Sentence
    • L. The Appeals Process
    • M. The Serving Of Sentences
    • N. Conclusion
  • The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Before The International Military Tribunal For The Far East (105-160) by Carrington Williams   (1M)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Preface
    • B. Introduction
    • C. Background Of The Pacific War
    • D. The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal
    • E. The Trial
    • F. The Prosecutors
    • G. The Defense Lawyers
    • H. The General Defense Case
    • I. Defense Against The Soviet Union
    • J. Hoshino'S Defense
    • K. The Tribunal'S Judgment On Hoshino
    • L. The Tribunal'S Judgment In General
    • M. Action On The Judgment
    • N. Comments On The Law
    • 0. What Did The Trial Accomplish?
    • P. Personal Notes And Memorabilia
    • Q. Epilogue
    • Appendix A - Justices Of Imtfe And Their Backgrounds
    • Appendix B - List Of The Accused
  • Implementation Of International Humanitarian Law By Diplomacy, Official And Non-Governmental (161-180) by Bohunka O. Goldstein   (611K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. International Humanitarian Law-Overview
    • C. Icrc--Guardian Of International Humanitarian Law
    • D. Diplomatic Campaigns And Advocacy As A Means To Promote Acceptance And Implementation Of Ihl
    • E. Advisory Service To States
    • F. The United Nations--Changing Role For The 21st Century
    • G. United Nations Engagement In Laws Of War Implementation
    • H. Diplomatic Efforts Of Non-Governmental Organizations And Their Role In Implementation Of International Humanitarian Law
    • I. Conclusion
  • Humanitarian Law And The Law Of War On Land (181-190) by Howard S. Levie   (303K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. The Historical Period
    • B. The Beginning Of Codification
    • C. Modern Codification
    • D. Weapons
    • E. Current Codification
    • F. Conclusion
  • Actio Popularis, Jus Cogens, And Offenses Erga Omnes? (191-206) by Alfred P. Rubin   (462K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Enforcing Human Rights By Natural Means
    • C. Jus Cogens And Justice
    • D. Humanitarian Law And Armed Conflict
    • E. Back To Offenses Erga Omnes
    • F. Conclusion
  • From Solferino To Kosovo: The Contribution Of International Humanitarian Law To International Security (207-238) by Michel Veuthey   (1M)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. International Humanitarian Law (Ihl): History And Present
    • C. International Security:The Much-Needed Human Dimension
    • D. The Humanitarian Missing Link In International Security
    • E. Conclusion
  • The Crime Of Genocide: Recent Problems Of Interpretation (239-282) by William A. Schabas   (1M)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Protected Groups
    • C. Punishable Acts
    • D. "Ethnic Cleansing"
    • E. Conclusion
  • Ethnic Cleansing: Applicable Norms, Emerging Jurisprudence, Implementable Remedies (283-314) by Alfred M. De Zayas   (839K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. The International Prohibition Of Forced Population Transfers
    • C. Internal Displacement
    • D. Forced Population Transfers As An Indictable Offense Today
    • E. The Prohibition Of The Implantation Of Settlers
    • F. Remedies And Mechanisms To Claim Them
    • G. Undoing The Long-Term Effects Of The Implantation Of Settlers
    • H. Conclusion
    • Annex I
    • Annex II
  • Impunity Vs. Accountability For Wrongs Under International Human Rights And Humanitarian Law (315-330) by Patrick J. Flood   (475K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. International Standards And Institutions
    • C. Historical Factors
    • D. Contemporary Challenges
    • E. Consequences Of Impunity And Accountability
    • F. Methods And Channels Of Accountability
    • G. National Institutions And Truth Commissions
    • H. The Argentine Case
    • I. Recent Developments
    • J. Conclusion
  • Index (331-338)   (207K)
  • Preliminary Material (339-366)   (711K)
    • Jump to section:
    • Contents
    • Contributors
    • Foreword By Anthony A. D'Amato
    • Introduction To Volume 2 - Challenges By R. John Pritchard
  • Media Limitations In Reporting Crimes Against Humanity (367-372) by John W. Finney   (124K)
  • Spotlight On Violations Of International Humanitarian Law: The Role Of The Media (373-380) by Roy W. Gutman   (183K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A, Introduction
    • B. A Journalist'S Experience
    • C. A Role For The Media?
    • D. Preventing Suffering And Crimes: Making The Media Aware Of International Humanitarian Law
  • Dissemination And International Humanitarian Law In Modern Social Conflict (381-392) by William V. Dunlap   (338K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A, Introduction
    • B. Dissemination Defined
    • C. Whose Role Is It, Anyway?
    • D. The Icrc And Dissemination Today
    • E. Three Stages Of Conflict
  • War Crimes Law Comes Of Age (393-398) by Theodor Meron   (171K)
  • The International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda And Its Treatment Of Crimes Against Women (399-454) by Kelly Dawn Askin   (2M)
    • Jump to section:
    • A, Introduction
    • B. The Road Toward Establishing The Rwandan Tribunal
    • C. Deconstructing Sexualized Violence And Genderized Violence
    • D. Rule 96, Protection Of Victims And Witnesses Of Sexual Violence
    • E. The International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda
    • F. Conclusion
  • The Modern Blood-Feud: Thoughts On The Philosophy Of Crimes Against Humanity And The Proper Response (455-488) by Cristopher L. Blakesley   (1M)
    • Jump to section:
    • A, Introduction
    • B. On Definitions
    • C. Sexual Violence As Genocide, War Crime, And Crime Against Humanity
    • D. Tension Among Sets Of Human Rights Protections: Protecting Victims, Witnesses, Their Families, And Ensuring The Rights Of The Accused
    • E. Fear, Rage, And Becoming What We Hate
    • F. Symbiotic Relationship Among Enemies
    • G. An Infernal Dialectic
    • H. Medieval Underpinnings Of Abuse: Terror In The French Middle Ages, The Revolution And The Ultimate Result Of Destroying The Rule Of Law
    • I. "Modern" And "Post-Modern" Motivations And Pre-Dispositions
  • States, Ngos And Humanitarian Intervention (489-540) by Henry F. Carey   (1M)
    • Jump to section:
    • A, Introduction
    • 8. Historical Overview
    • C. Legal Development Of The Humanitarian Intervention Regime
    • D, International Politics
    • E. Trans-National Advocacy Networks
    • F Conclusions
  • United Kingdom Sofas And Rules Of Engagement In Yugoslavia: Some Further Reflections (541-566) by G. R. Rubin   (781K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A, Introduction
    • B. Sofas In Bosnia And Croatia
    • C. Macedonia, Kosovo And Sofas
    • D. Rules Of Engagement
    • E. Enforcing Public Order
    • F. Guidelines For Military Patrols, Police Investigation And Detainers
    • 6. Conclusion
  • Can Perpetrators Really Suffer From "Denial Syndrome"? (567-578) by Irma Foley   (279K)
  • Implementation Of International Humanitarian Law And The Role Of The International Committee Of The Red Cross (579-592) by Jean-Phillippe Lavoyer   (392K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A, Introduction
    • B. General Remarks
    • C. Mechanisms For The Implementation Of Humanitarian Law
    • D. The Role Of The International Committee Of The Red Cross
    • E. New Challenges In Today'S Conflicts
    • F. How To Improve The Implementation Of Humanitarian Law
    • G. Conclusion
  • The Domestic Application Of International Human Rights Law: The Case Of The Guatemalan Historical Clarification Commission (593-624) by Jan Per Lin   (971K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A, Introduction
    • B, Applicable Law
    • C. Analysis Of Responsibility
    • D. The Scope Of State Responsibility
    • E. State Responsibility For Acts Of Mass Violence
    • F. State Responsibility For Acts Of Genocide
    • G, The Results Of The Inquiry: Ceh Recommendations
    • H. Conclusions
  • 'The Rome Statute Of The International Criminal Court And Weapons Of A Nature To Cause Superfluous Injury Or Unnecessary Suffering, Or Which Are Inherently Indiscriminate (625-648) by Roger S. Clark   (727K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A, Introduction
    • B, The Prepcom'S First Steps
    • C. Some History And Jurisprudence
    • D. The Result Of The December 1997 Prepcom
    • E, Rome June-July 1998
    • F. Conclusion
  • 'The Anatorny Of A Court: The International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda (649-672) by Farah Stockman   (693K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A, Introduction
    • B. Prosecutors
    • C. Defense
    • D. Judges And Their Judgments
    • E. Structural Challenges To International Law
    • F. Ictr Relations With Rwanda
    • G. The Ictr And Its Critics
    • H. After Genoclde
    • I. After Justice
  • International Judges And Prosecutors In Kosovo: A New Paradigm In Post-Conflict Peacekeeping (673-720) by Michael E. Hartmann   (1M)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Phase One: The Beginning Of The Evolving Role Of Internationals In The Rule Of Law
    • C. Phase Two: The Insertion Of International Judges And Prosecutors
    • D. Phase Three: International Judges And Prosecutors In "64" Panels
    • E. Charges Of Genocide, War Crimes And Crimes Against Humanity
    • F. International Judges And Prosecutors: Lessons Learned
  • Index (721-734)   (229K)
  • Preliminary Material (735-754)   (125K)
    • Jump to section:
    • Contents
    • Contributors
    • Foreword
    • Introduction To Volume III — Prospects
  • The Relevance Of Humanitarian Law To Terrorism And Terrorists (755-792) by L.C. Green   (194K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Anti-Terrorist Conventions
    • C. Un Principles On Treatment Of Prisoners
    • D. Judicial Protection Of Prisoners
    • E. Human Rights And Humanitarian Law
    • F. “Enemy Combatants” At Guantanamo
    • G. Abuse In Abu Ghraib And Afghanistan
    • H. Conclusion—The Need For Universal Application
  • A Plea Of Humanity To Law: The Need For An Effective International Criminal Court (793-800) by Benjamin B. Ferencz   (85K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. The Goal
    • B. Progress And Problems
    • C. Current Needs
    • D. Future Hopes
  • The Creation Of The International Criminal Court And State Sovereignty: The "Problem Of An International Criminal Law" Re-Examined (801-910) by Frédéric Mégret   (481K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. International Criminal Justice And State Sovereignty In Historical And Sociological Perspective
    • C. The “Long Century”: Reconciling Sovereignty And Humanity?
    • D. From Ad Hoc Tribunals To The Icc: The Challenge Of Permanence And Universality
    • E. Conclusion: The International Criminal Court And The New Sovereignty
    • F. Epilogue
  • Two Cheers For The International Criminal Court (911-928) by Wade Mansell   (118K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. The International Criminal Court: Considerations About The Consensus
    • B. The International Criminal Court: Considerations Within The Consensus
  • Crimes Within The Limited Jurisdiction Of The International Criminal Court (929-944) by Jordan J. Paust   (124K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Genocide
    • C. Crimes Against Humanity
    • D. War Crimes
    • E. Leader Responsibility And Superior Orders
    • F. Other Mental Elements
    • G. Conclusion
  • Designing Justice For Cambodia'S Khmer Rouge (945-964) by Craig Etcheson   (130K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. The Un Group Of Experts
    • C. Authority For A Tribunal
    • D. Venue
    • E. Temporal Jurisdiction
    • F. Personal Jurisdiction, Or “The List”
    • G. Justice And Politics
  • Nato'S Attack On Yugoslavia: The Deputation Of An Ad Hoc International Constabulary (965-980) by Paul D. Rutkus   (115K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Foreword
    • B. Introduction
    • C. Authority To Use Armed Force
    • D. Authority To Delegate
    • E. Authority To Cross International Borders
    • F. Was Nato Force Authorized By The Icty?
    • G. Limitations On The Use Of Armed Force
    • H. Conclusion
    • I. Epilogue
  • Adapting Traditional Humanitarian Law To Sanctions (981-990) by Paul Conlon   (98K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. The Present Situation
    • B. Elements Of A Better Humanitarian Law Approach
  • The Development Of A Victim-Centered Approach To International Criminal Justice For Serious Violations Of International Humanitarian Law (991-1030) by Avril Mcdonald   (208K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Introduction
    • B. Theoretical Basis Of Victim-Centered International Criminal Justice
    • C. Legal Basis Of Victim-Centered Justice
    • D. A Victim-Centered Approach In The Statutes And Rules Of The International Criminal Tribunals
    • E. A Victim-Centered Approach In The Statute Of The International Criminal Court
    • F. Conclusions
  • The Parameters Of Justice: The Evolution Of British Civil And Military Perspectives On War Crimes Trials And Their Legal Context (1942–1956) (1031-1080) by R. John Pritchard   (257K)
    • Jump to section:
    • A. Why Look At British Perspectives?
    • B. Were These Trials Conducted Fairly, Justly, And Reasonably?
    • C. Draft Legislation And Persuasive Precedents Against A National Jurisdiction Over Enemy War Criminals
    • D. The Question Of Holding Trials In Absentia
    • E. Why Britain Brought Trials Under Royal Prerogative Powers, Not Domestic Parliamentary Legislation
    • F. The Scope Of Jurisdiction And Evolution Of The Royal Warrant Of June 1945
    • G. The Importance Accorded To Procedural Fairness At Trial And Subsequently
    • H. Repatriation And Clemency Issues
    • I. The Lynch Board
    • J. The End Of The Occupation And The Irresistible International Policy Of Clemency
    • K. The Nopar Commission And The Steps By Which The International Rule Of Law Came To Be Considered “Odious”
  • Cumulative Index Of Articles And Books Cited (1081-1106)   (199K)
  • Cumulative Table Of Cases (1107-1110)   (56K)
  • Cumulative Index (1111-1142)   (138K)